The Cardiac Manifestations of Post-streptococcal Infection in Paediatrics: Case Series

Introduction: Group A streptococcus (GAS) remains a global burden, particularly in developing countries, with long-term morbidity and mortality complications. Different strains and immune responses to GAS can lead to various disease patterns, from predominantly throat and skin manifestations to renal and cardiac involvement. Myocarditis associated with glomerulonephritis can progress to carditis, which may present with signs and symptoms similar to rheumatic heart disease. Although uncommon, this condition can deteriorate into dilated cardiomyopathy, potentially leading to cardiogenic shock and death, necessitating early recognition, intervention, and preventive measures. Case Presentation: We report three pediatric cases of post-streptococcal infection with cardiac manifestations. The first case involves an 8-year-old female with palpitations and a recurring cough, diagnosed with acute rheumatic carditis. The second case is a 10-year-old female presenting with hemoptysis and edema in the lungs and extremities due to acute rheumatic carditis and prior suspected vegetation. The third case is a 9-year-old male initially diagnosed with post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN), who deteriorated into dilated cardiomyopathy with an ejection fraction of 32% and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. All three patients recovered well, received prophylactic management, and were referred for further investigation. Conclusions: Identifying specific features on echocardiography can help differentiate between rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and PSGN-associated cardiac involvement. Additionally, echocardiography is a more readily available and cost-effective screening method, especially in endemic populations. Early recognition and management of post-streptococcal cardiac complications may prevent long-term morbidity and mortality.