Response of the Moon to gravitational waves

The response of the Moon to gravitational waves (GWs) is used by some of the proposed lunar GW detectors like the Lunar Gravitational-wave Antenna to turn the Moon into an antenna for GWs. The deep connection between the lunar internal structure, its geophysical environment, and the study of the Universe is intriguing, but given our limited understanding of the Moon today, it also makes it very difficult to predict the science potential of lunar GW detectors accurately. Lunar response models have been developed since the Apollo program, but there is evidence coming from seismic measurements during the Apollo missions that the models are not good enough and possibly underestimating the lunar GW response especially in the decihertz frequency band. In this paper, we will provide an extension of Freeman Dyson's half-space model to include horizontally layered geologies, which allows us to carry out computationally efficient calculations of the lunar GW response above 0.1 Hz compared to the normal-mode simulations used in the past. We analyze how the results depend on the values of geometric and elastic parameters of the layered geological model, and we find that modifications of the geological model as required to explain some of the important features of the Apollo seismic observations can boost the lunar GW response.