Spatiotemporal Variations in MODIS EVI and MODIS LAI and the Responses to Meteorological Drought across Different Slope Conditions in Karst Mountain Regions

Based on monthly MODIS EVI and LAI data from 2001 to 2020, combined with the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), this study employs Theil–Sen trend analysis, Mann–Kendall (MK) test, Hurst index analysis, and correlation analysis to comparatively analyze the overall vegetation trends, spatial distribution characteristics, and future trends of different vegetation types in Guizhou Province under varying slope conditions. The study also explores the response of vegetation to SPEI at different time scales across different slopes. The results indicate the following: (1) From 2001 to 2020, the average values of EVI (0.34%/a) and LAI (1.4%/a) during the growing season exhibited an increasing trend, with the improved vegetation areas primarily concentrated in the western region of Guizhou, while the degradation areas were mainly located in the central and eastern regions. (2) Under different slope conditions, EVI generally showed slight improvement, while LAI exhibited significant improvement, with dry-lands experiencing the largest changes. Future trends indicate continuous improvement, but the proportion of vegetation improvement area decreases with increasing slope. When the slope is less than 5°, the proportion of vegetation improvement area is the highest. (3) The positive correlation between EVI, LAI, and SPEI at different time scales is stronger than the negative correlation, with the strongest correlations observed when the slope is less than 5°. When the slope exceeds 35°, the relationship between vegetation and drought response is almost unaffected by the slope. These findings provide a scientific basis for vegetation growth monitoring and the study of climate change and vegetation interactions in Guizhou Province.