Low-level viremia in HIV infection: causes and consequences

The aim. This study aimed to review literature on the topic of «Low-level viremia (LLV) in HIV infection» to systematically organize data under various themes, including «definitions», «mechanisms», «causes», «risks», «clinical implications», «prevention», and «management». Materials and methods. A comprehensive search of literature data was conducted to gather information on LLV in HIV infection. The collected data were categorized into themes based on the aforementioned topics. Results and discussion. The study involved the systematic organization of data on low viremia, including its sources and potential mechanisms. Detailed discussions were held on questions surrounding HIV sanctuaries, clonal expansion, and their role in LLV formation. Additionally, the contribution of factors such as adherence, drug resistance, and drug interactions to LLV incidence was assessed. Furthermore, an algorithm of actions to prevent and address LLV, based on expert opinions, was developed. Conclusion. The LLV phenomenon is under active investigation, with an evolving understanding of its sources and formation mechanisms. Based on this knowledge, future recommendations for practitioners are anticipated, aimed at achieving effective virological responses in all HIV-infected patients.