Impact of the horizontal resolution of GEOS-Chem on land‒ocean and tropic‒extratropic partitioning and seasonal cycle in CO₂ inversion

Abstract Credible regional carbon budget estimates from atmospheric CO 2 measurements rely on the accuracy of atmospheric transport models (ATMs). However, the atmospheric transport in ATMs is usually simplified and spatiotemporally averaged, leading to systematic biases in simulating the atmospheric CO 2 and estimating surface CO 2 fluxes. We show that forward simulations of global CO 2 using an ATM, GEOS-Chem, at a native resolution of 0.5° × 0.625° and a coarse resolution of 4° × 5° differ significantly near the surface in the Northern Hemisphere and the polar vortex, mainly because of advection in GEOS-Chem. Comparing observing system simulation experiments that assimilate synthetic observations sampled from the forward simulations, we separate the impact of coarse-resolution GEOS-Chem on regional flux estimates. The results suggest that a significant amount of annual carbon uptake from the ocean and tropics is improperly redistributed to the land and northern and southern extratropics, respectively. In addition, these errors lead to an underestimated seasonal amplitude in the northern extratropical land and a reversed sign of the seasonal cycle in the northern extratropical ocean. The reversed sign of the seasonal cycle has also been observed in a real data assimilation experiment and several state-of-the-art inversions, suggesting that reasonable ocean flux estimates depend strongly on the accuracy of the ATM.