Comparative numerical study featuring magnetized nanofluids configured by elongating sheet with thermophoresis and Brownian motion

This study investigates the heat and mass transfer characteristics of MHD rotating Fe₃O₄-Al₂O₃/H₂O hybrid nanofluid flow over a three-dimensional stretching surface. Comparative analysis was conducted among the base fluid H₂O, Al₂O₃-H₂O nanofluid, and Fe₃O₄-Al₂O₃/H₂O hybrid nanofluid, focusing on velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions influenced by thermophoresis, Brownian motion, Hall current, temperature ratio, magnetic parameter, rotation, and thermal radiation. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations were transformed into ordinary differential equations using similarity adaptations and solved numerically with the BVP-5C method in MATLAB. Results indicate that increasing the thermophoresis and Brownian motion parameters elevates the temperature profile while affecting the concentration distribution differently. The hybrid nanofluid exhibited a higher temperature distribution compared to the nanofluid and base fluid, whereas the base fluid showed a greater concentration gradient.