Assessing soil pollution vulnerability in agricultural systems: Insights from farmer and stakeholder perceptions

Soil is an essential and dynamic component of the ecosystem, influencing crop productivity, food safety, and human health. However, rapid urbanization, industrialization, and agricultural practices have significantly contributed to soil pollution, particularly in the form of metals and other pollutants. This study examines the vulnerability of agricultural soils to pollution, focusing on the perceptions of farmers and stakeholders in the Thrissur and Palakkad districts of Kerala, India. The primary objective is to assess how different agricultural systems—rice-based, banana-based, and vegetable-based—are affected by various pollution sources. The research was conducted in six panchayaths across the two districts, with data collected from 90 farmers and 30 other stakeholders through structured interviews. A total of 120 participants provided insights into pollution sources such as the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, sewage, and industrial waste. Vulnerability indices were calculated based on perceived pollution levels, categorizing the regions into high, moderate, and low pollution zones. Key findings reveal that Puzhakkal, a rice-based system, exhibited the highest soil pollution vulnerability, mainly due to slash-and-burn agriculture and improper waste disposal. Water pollution caused by garbage and plastic waste was a significant concern across all systems. The banana and vegetable systems in Alathur and Puthur also showed moderate to high pollution levels from sewage and pesticide use. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions, such as promoting sustainable farming practices, waste management, and pollution monitoring to mitigate soil degradation. The implications of this study are crucial for policy makers and agricultural extension programs, offering insights into localized pollution risks and potential strategies to improve soil health and agricultural productivity in Kerala.