Behaviours and psychological symptoms of childhood dementia: two cases of psychosocial interventions

Childhood dementias are a group of rare, fatal neurodegenerative disorders, characterised by global cognitive decline, loss of previously acquired developmental skills and behaviours and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Batten disease, or neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, and Sanfilippo syndrome, or mucopolysaccharidosis type III, are two of the more common forms of childhood dementia disorders worldwide. While psychosocial interventions are the best available therapeutic approach for BPSD management in adult-onset dementia, there is very limited literature or clinical experience in the context of childhood dementia. To address this gap, we conducted a descriptive case analysis of BPSD profiles, associated contributing factors and targeted psychosocial interventions in two cases with childhood dementia disorders (Sanfilippo syndrome and CLN3 (juvenile onset) Batten disease) who were referred to Dementia Support Australia, a national dementia behaviour support service in Australia. Primary BPSD identified in these disorders included physical and verbal aggression and irritability/lability. In these cases, contributing factors to the development of BPSD were not monolithic, encompassing pain, caregiver's approach and over or under-stimulation. Improvement in BPSD were observed using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Quesionnaire and globally noted as per the qualitative feedback reported by family and caregivers. Person-centred, multimodal psychosocial interventions were recognised as effective therapies in resolving BPSD in these cases. In conclusion, the case studies described the nature and presentation of BPSD in two common forms of childhood dementia and demonstrated the potential benefits of person-centred psychosocial interventions (delivered through national dementia-specific support programs) in alleviating BPSD such as irritability and aggression in these disorders.