Evaluation of detoxification performance of <i>Pithecellobium dulce</i> seed pod powder upon acid treatment: removal of reactive red 195-A dye and kinetic analysis

Abstract Biodegradable (green) materials have been gained momentous attention and extensively used for environmental restoration as a result of recent environmental legislations. The current study involved treating Pithecellobium dulce seed pod (PSD) powder with acetic acid to look examined the possibility of using treated P. dulce (PD) to remove Reactive Red 195-A from its aqueous solution. The treated material was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). Different constraining factors, such as dye concentration, temperature, contact time, and solution pH, and sorbent dose were examined using batch adsorption trials. Further, the Freundlich and Temkin, alongside the Langmuir equations were employed to analyze the different isotherms. The results showed that Temkin isotherm was found to be validated by the experimental findings on RRD adsorption by the prepared adsorbent. The findings exposed that the adsorbing process tailed pseudo-second order kinetic model, as demonstrated by a correlation coefficient R 2 greater than 0.90. According to thermodynamic investigations, adsorption was endothermic and took place spontaneously. The findings suggested that the seed pod of the PD plant might be a cheaper substitute for the chemical adsorbents used to remove dyes.