Novel Approaches in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Despite existing treatments, managing T2DM remains challenging, necessitating novel therapeutic approaches.Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of three novel therapeutic approaches for T2DM: GLP-1 receptor agonists combined with SGLT-2 inhibitors, gene therapy targeting insulin resistance, and stem cell-based regenerative medicine.Methods: A quantitative narrative review was conducted, including 25 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 15 observational studies involving 7,800 patients. Primary outcomes assessed were changes in HbA1c levels, insulin sensitivity, beta-cell function, and incidence of adverse effects. Data analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4 software, and statistical heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic. Publication bias was evaluated via funnel plot analysis.Results: GLP-1 receptor agonists combined with SGLT-2 inhibitors reduced HbA1c by 1.4% and body weight by 5 kg. Gene therapy improved insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR decrease of 1.2 points) and beta-cell function by 20%. Stem cell therapy enhanced C-peptide levels by 0.7 ng/mL, indicating a 40% increase in endogenous insulin production.Conclusion: All three approaches showed potential in T2DM management, with combination therapy providing immediate benefits, while gene and stem cell therapies offer long-term disease modification possibilities.