Catalytic Transesterification of Refined Palm Kernel Oil for Biodiesel Production: A Physiochemical Analysis and Reaction Parameters Assessment

This study explores the catalytic transesterification of refined palm kernel oil to produce biodiesel using Zeolite/Sodium hydroxide as a catalyst.The major focus is on the effects of varying oil-to-methanol ratios, catalyst loading, and reaction times on yield.This research aims to study biodiesel production parameters for maximum efficiency and quality through comprehensive physiochemical analyses and leveraging Python for data analysis.The optimal biodiesel yield of 93 wt% was achieved at the oil-ethanol molar ratio of 0.33, a catalyst load of 2.30 g, and a reaction time of 140 min.The 3D surface plots showed how oil-ethanol molar ratio, catalyst load, and reaction time significantly affect the biodiesel yield.The analysis result showed that the biodiesel produced is of high quality with a flash point of 89 o F, cloud point of -9 o F, specific gravity of 0.801, a sulphur content of 1.22, a water content of 0.02%, kinematic viscosity of 4.3 mm 2 /s, ash content of 0.5, saponification value of 205.33, pour point of 6 o C, and cetane number of 72.The physiochemical analysis results are within the ASTM standard range.With the growing demand for alternative energy sources and power generation, industrial-scale process design should be considered.