Examining the Mechanisms of Virtual Reality Tourism’s Impact on the Mental Well-Being of Long-Term Care Facility Residents: Perspectives on Presence and Flow

This study investigates the mechanisms of virtual reality (VR) tourism's impact on the well-being of residents in long-term care facilities (LTCFs). It aims to understand how presence and flow during VR experiences can enhance well-being. This experimental study used a quantitative approach with structured questionnaires to investigate VR experiences among LTCF residents in Taiwan. After obtaining ethical approval, 145 eligible participants from four LTCFs completed a full five-week VR tourism experience. Data collection took place from June to November 2022. This study employed Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with Smart PLS software to analyze the causal relationships between latent variables. The results confirm that the more vivid the virtual reality image (β = 0.240, <i>p</i> < 0.05), the more immersive the experience (β = 0.267, <i>p</i> < 0.05), the greater the ability to control the experience (β = 0.465, <i>p</i> < 0.001), and the greater the ability to stimulate curiosity during the experience (β = 0.290, <i>p</i> < 0.05), the greater the sense of presence. Increased presence leads to user engagement and a state of flow (β = 0.556, <i>p</i> < 0.001), which is essential for personal hedonia (β = 0.453, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and eudaimonia (β = 0.220, <i>p</i> < 0.001). This study elucidates the mechanisms through which VR tourism experiences enhance well-being among LTCF residents, emphasizing the critical roles of presence and flow in promoting both hedonic and eudaimonic dimensions of well-being.