Biomass Inversion of Highway Slope Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Remote Sensing and Deep Learning

Biomass can serve as an important indicator for measuring the effectiveness of slope ecological restoration, and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing provides technical support for the rapid and accurate measurement of vegetation biomass on slopes. Considering a highway slope as the experimental area, in this study, we integrate UAV data and Sentinel-2A images; apply a deep learning method to integrate remote sensing data; extract slope vegetation features from vegetation probability, vegetation indices, and vegetation texture features; and construct a slope vegetation biomass inversion model. The R2 of the slope vegetation biomass inversion model is 0.795, and the p-value in the F-test is less than 0.01, which indicates that the model has excellent regression performance and statistical significance. Based on laboratory biomass measurements, the regression model error is small and reasonable, with RMSE = 0.073, MAE = 0.064, and SE = 0.03. The slope vegetation biomass can be accurately estimated using remote-sensing images with a high precision and good applicability. This study will provide a methodological reference and demonstrate its application in estimating vegetation biomass and carbon stock on highway slopes, thus providing data and methodological support for the simulation of the carbon balance process in slope restoration ecosystems.