Expanded activities and roles of Jihwisa(指揮使)in the latter part of Goryeo Dynasty

In the latter part of Goryeo Dynasty, Jihwisa(指揮使) was dispatched 61 times over about 200 years from the reign of King Myeongjong(明宗) to the reign of Wuwang(禑王), showing an overwhelming number of dispatches compared to other local military envoys sent during that period. During the reign of King Myeongjong, fifth to sixth hierarchy out of civil officials were dispatched to Dojihwisa(都指揮使), but during the reign of King Gojong(高宗) and King Wonjong(元宗), the third hierarchy of civil officials and military officials began to be dispatched as Jihwisa (or Dojihwisa), and from the reign of King Chungryul(忠烈王), it became customary for Jaesang(宰相) level, Dojihwisa to be dispatched.Most of Jihwisa’s main duties were military tasks such as suppression of local rebellion, defense of external invasion, war preparation, and combat execution. Their incidental duties were administrative and diplomatic tasks such as inspecting and impeaching local officials, reforming local administration, collecting taxes, restoring people’s livelihoods at the province level, and sending Guhyulmi(救恤米) to the Yuan(元) Dynasty. Therefore, Jihwisa (or Dojihwisa) carried out not only military work but also implementation of the Yuan emperor’s order and local administration work.Jaesang level, Dojihwisa dispatched to the reign of King Chungryul, were sented to several provinces due to the needs of the state, such as the preparation of the Japanese expedition. In the reign of King Gongmin(恭愍王), during the invasion of Goryo by Deokheunggun(德興君), King Simyang(瀋陽王), Dojihwisa conducted joint operations with Dosunmunsa(都巡問使), Dobyungmasa(都兵馬 使), Dochechalsa(都體察使), and Dosunwisa(都巡慰使).Dojihwisa, Jaesang level was given a significant task by the king, so he was a high official who was superior to Anchalsa(按察使) or local officials. They had the power to inspect or impeach the local officials within their jurisdiction ‘do(道：local province)’. Dojihwisa was the highest-ranking local military envoyl dispatched throughout the latter period of Goryo until Dosunmunsa replaced Dojihwisa’s work at the end of Goryo Dynasty. They showed the characteristics of the times that from King Chungryul’s reign, officials who were favored by the king, had excellent military skills, or had excellent local administrative skills were dispatched regardless of civil officials and military officials.