GWAS of resistance to three bacterial diseases in the Andean common bean diversity panel

Bacterial brown spot (BBS) caused by <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>syringae</i> (<i>Pss</i>), common bacterial blight (CBB) caused by <i>Xanthomonas axonopodis</i> pv. <i>phaseoli</i> (<i>Xap</i>) and <i>Xanthomonas fuscans</i> subsp. <i>fuscans</i> (<i>Xff</i>), and halo bacterial blight (HBB), caused by <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>phaseolicola</i> (<i>Psph</i>), are major bacterial diseases that severely affect common bean yields and global food security. Andean-origin dry beans, representing large-seeded market classes, are particularly susceptible. Using 140,325 SNPs, a multi-locus GWAS was conducted on subsets of the Andean diversity panel (ADP) phenotyped for BBS in South Africa, CBB in Puerto Rico, South Africa, and Zambia, and HBB in South Africa, through natural infection, artificial inoculation, or both. Twenty-four QTL associated with resistance were identified: nine for BBS, eight for CBB, and seven for HBB. Four QTL intervals on Pv01, Pv03, Pv05, and Pv08 overlapped with BBS and HBB resistance. A genomic interval on Pv01, near the <i>fin</i> gene, which determines growth habit, was linked to resistance to all three pathogens. Different QTLs were detected for BBS and CBB resistance when phenotyped under natural infection versus artificial inoculation. These results underscore the importance of combining phenotyping methods in multi-GWAS to capture the full genetic spectrum. Previously recognized CBB resistance QTL SAP6 and SU91 and HBB resistance QTL HB4.2, and HB5.1, were observed. Other common (MAF >0.25) and rare (MAF <0.05) resistance QTL were also detected. Overall, these findings enhance the understanding and utilization of bacterial resistance present in ADP for the development of common beans with improved resistance.