Bowtie Methos-based Risk-management for Tunnel Construction

This study analyzed 250 tunnel incidents-46 from Korea and 204 from other parts of the world-to identify key geotechnical hazards associated with tunnel construction and implementing risk-management strategies.The identified hazards included portal-area issues, main sections situated in discontinuity or weak zones, shallow depths and valley areas, and post-face advance sections.The bowtie method was used to visualize specific events, treatments, and consequences pertaining to each hazard, and identify the relevant barriers and control measures.The bowtie risk-management model is a comprehensive approach for risk identification, assessment, and control.Thus, this study aims to enhance tunnel-construction safety by offering practical and effective risk-management and prevention strategies.