Allelopathic Effect of a Chilean Strain of Karenia selliformis (Gymnodiniales, Dinoflagellata) on Phytoplankton Species

Blooms of the dinoflagellate <i>Karenia selliformis</i> in Chile, often associated with massive fish kills, have been noted alongside other species from the Kareniaceae family, such as <i>Karenia</i> spp. and <i>Karlodinium</i> spp. However, the potential allelopathy impact of Chilean <i>K. selliformis</i> on other phytoplankton species remains unexplored. Here, we assessed the allelopathic effects of cell-free exudates from a Chilean <i>K. selliformis</i> strain on six phytoplankton strains representing diverse microalgal groups. The findings of these experiments offer valuable insights into the varied responses of both non-toxic and toxic microalgae to allelochemicals produced by a toxic microalga, showcasing the intricate and multifaceted nature of allelopathic interactions in microalgal communities. The study revealed species-dependent effects, with variable response in cell growth, photosynthetic efficiency (i.e., <i>F_v</i>/<i>F_m</i>), and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. While certain strains exhibited significant growth inhibition in response to the allelochemicals, others demonstrated no apparent effect on cell proliferation, indicating varying sensitivity to specific allelochemicals or potentially distinct detoxification mechanisms. Similarly, the diverse effects on <i>F_v</i>/<i>F_m</i> highlight the complexity of allelopathic interactions, with some species showing reduced efficiency without alterations in intracellular ROS production, while others displayed increased ROS production alongside impaired photosynthesis.