Greenness appraisal and spectrophotometric estimation of carvedilol in pharmaceutical formulations and study kinetic parameters

• Determination of carvedilol using ion pairing method. • The method was based on the reaction of carvedilol with alizarin yellow dye in an aqueous medium. • The kinetics of the ion pair complex were followed at different temperatures. • The method was applied for determination of carvedilol in pharmaceutical samples. • This method ensure an environmentally friendly approach. Numerous studies have established that carvedilol acts as a vasodilator and is effective in managing hypertension. Consequently, this research focuses on the development and validation of analytical methods for the quantification of carvedilol. Various techniques, including UV/Vis spectrophotometric methods, have been investigated alongside innovative, straightforward, accurate, and sensitive approaches. In this study, we established a method based on the interaction between carvedilol and alizarin yellow dye in an aqueous medium, allowing for a reaction time of 20 min for completion. Upon conclusion of the reaction, a purple-colored product is formed, which exhibits maximum absorption at a wavelength of 536 nm. This method adheres to Beer's law within the concentration range of 10–50 µg/mL, with a molar absorptivity of 2.560×10 3 L·mol −1 ·cm −1 , a Sandel index of 0.158 µg. cm −2 , the detection limit of 0.4190 µg/mL, and the quantitative limit is 1.2698 µg/mL. The recovery rate was determined to be 100.7010 %, and the relative standard deviation did not exceed 1.3094 %. The method was applied to estimate the concentration of carvedilol in its pharmaceutical formulation in tablet form CARVEDISAM. Additionally, the kinetics of the resulting complex were studied, revealing that the kinetics are of first order. To assess the environmental impact of contemporary UV spectrophotometric methods, the Green Analytical Greenness Metric (AGREE) software and the Green Analytical System Index (GAPI) were utilized to evaluate the greenness profile. The developed UV method is more sustainable and environmentally friendly.