CAUSES OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN STELLER SEA LIONS (EUMETOPIAS JUBATUS) UNDER PROFESSIONAL CARE IN NORTH AMERICAN AQUARIUMS FROM 1979 TO 2021

To date, published comprehensive pathology investigations documented in Steller sea lions (SSL; <i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>) are from free-ranging populations, whereas health data from those under professional care in aquariums are currently lacking. A retrospective review of gross and histopathologic reports of SSL under human care in North American aquariums from 1979 to 2021 (<i>n</i> = 20) was performed. Associations between age, sex, or birth origin (born in aquariums versus the wild) with cause of death (COD) and comorbidities were explored. Age was significantly associated with development of endocrine organ pathology (<i>P</i> = 0.011). A relationship between age and both cardiovascular and ocular disease was suggested by the data, but did not reach significance (<i>P</i> = 0.058). Ocular disease was significantly associated with being born in aquariums (<i>P</i> = 0.022). The most common COD was neoplasia (<i>n</i> = 10), which was significantly associated with aged animals (<i>P</i> = 0.038). Less frequent COD included sepsis (confirmed, <i>n</i> = 2; suspected, <i>n</i> = 3), cardiomyopathy (<i>n</i> = 1), clostridial enteritis (<i>n</i> = 1), <i>Sarcocystis</i> spp. (<i>n</i> = 1), complication secondary to sedation (<i>n</i> = 1), and unknown (<i>n</i> = 1). This is the first report documenting the high prevalence of neoplasia in SSL, with tumors found incidentally in three individuals, frequent metastasis (10/13, 77%), and many cases of multiple primary malignancies (6/13, 46%). These data expand upon the current understanding of disease in SSL, highlight this species' predisposition to neoplasia with increasing longevity, and underscore the need for heightened screening in aged animals, which may ultimately serve to elevate the care of SSL under professional care in aquariums.