Mechanically rigid metallopeptide nanostructures achieved by highly efficient folding

Abstract Natural proteins must fold into complex three-dimensional structures to achieve excellent mechanical properties vital for biological functions, but this has proven to be exceptionally difficult to control in synthetic systems. As such, the long-standing issue of low mechanical rigidity and stability induced by misfolding constrains the physical and chemical properties of self-assembling peptide materials. Here we introduce a mixed - chirality strategy that enhances folding efficiency in topologically interlocked metallopeptide nanostructures. The orderly entanglement of heterochiral peptide-derived linkers can fold into a compact three-dimensional catenane. These folding-mediated secondary structural changes not only generate biomimetic binding pockets derived from individual peptide strands but also result in strong chiral amplification by the tight interlocking manner. Notably, this strategic ‘chirality mutation’ alters their arrangement into tertiary structures and is pivotal in achieving exceptional mechanical rigidity observed in the metallopeptide crystals, which exhibit a Young’s modulus of 157.6 GPa, approximately tenfold higher than the most rigid proteinaceous materials in nature. This unusual nature is reflected in enhanced peptide-binding properties and heightened antimicrobial activities relative to its unfolded counterpart.