Heat Stress and Thermoregulation in Insects: Unveiling Molecular and Physiological Responses in Light of Climate Change

Insects being poikilotherms rely on external temperatures to regulate their body heat that making them vulnerable to climate change as temperature fluctuations directly impact their growth, reproduction and survival as well as control their metabolic and physiological processes. Many insect species are in danger as global temperatures are increasing since they cannot physiologically adapt themselves for long exposure to high temperatures. This vulnerability is especially pronounced in species that have not evolved mechanisms to endure extreme heat, leading to potential population decline and disruptions in ecosystems Understanding the mechanisms of how insects manage heat stress is crucial for predicting their behaviour and biology in the scenario of a changing climate. This review delves into the genetic basis of thermoregulation in insects, exploring how genes influence their ability to cope with heat stress and regulate their internal body temperature in hot conditions through mechanisms such as heat shock proteins, metabolic adjustments, and behavioural changes. It also highlights gaps in current research and suggests future studies, emphasizing the need for comprehensive investigations into the molecular, genetic, and ecological aspects of thermoregulation. Advanced insights into insect thermoregulation will enhance our understanding of insect population dynamics and facilitate the development of effective pest management strategies, contributing to climate-resilient agriculture amidst the challenges posed by a changing climate.