Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve tolerance of wheat plants under soil Europium contamination

Abstract Aim The unregulated use of rare earth elements, such as Europium (Eu), may result in their build-up in soils. Here, we investigated how Eu affects wheat growth, photosynthesis, and redox homeostasis and how Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may influence these processes. Methods The wheat plants were grown in soil with 1.09 mmol Eu 3+/ kg and/or AMF inoculation. The study is mainly based on a comprehensive examination of the detailed biochemical and metabolic mechanisms underlying the Eu stress mitigating impact of Eu by AMF in wheat plants. Results Soil contamination with Eu significantly induced a reduction in biomass accumulation and photosynthesis-related parameters, including photosynthetic rate (61%) and chlorophyll content (24.6%). On the other hand, AMF could counteract Eu’s induced growth and photosynthesis inhibition. Under Eu stress, AMF colonization significantly increased fresh and dry weights by 43% and 23.5%, respectively, compared to Eu treatment. AMF colonization also induced minerals (e.g., Ca, K, Zn, and N) uptake under control and Eu stress conditions. By bolstering the antioxidant defense mechanisms, such as ROS-scavenging metabolites (flavonoids and polyphenols), AMF mitigated Eu-induced oxidative damage. In terms of the primary metabolites, organic acids, essential amino acids, and unsaturated fatty acids were increased by AMF colonization, particularly under Eu stress conditions. Conclusion Applying AMF is a workable approach for reducing Eu toxicity in wheat plants.