Development and Validation of Instruments for Measuring Shadowing Exercises through Mobile-assisted Language Learning (MALL) in EFL Learning

This study aims to create a simple and effective way to measure how shadowing exercises using MALL help students learn English as a foreign language. Shadowing, the act of vocalizing speech simultaneously as it is heard, is recognized for enhancing various language skills. The research aimed to develop and validate such an instrument grounded in standardized surveys. Methods employed included the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Measure of Sampling Adequacy (.875) and Bartletts Test of Sphericity ( = 659.572, df = 55, p < .000) to assess data suitability for factor analysis. The survey instrument comprised 11 items assessing various aspects of shadowing exercises through MALL software. Factor analysis revealed a single dominant component explaining 75.929% of the total variance, indicating the construct's unidimensionality. Items related to challenges, benefits, and intended integration of MALL-based shadowing exercises into daily learning routines exhibited higher loadings, aligning strongly with the latent construct. Results underscore the potential of MALL-facilitated shadowing exercises as an effective tool to enhance EFL learners overall language proficiency and motivate their learning journey. This study contributes to the growing body of research on the integration of MALL in shadowing exercises, offering a reliable and streamlined means to measure the impact of such interventions.