Multivariate analysis of compound hail, wind and rainfall extremes in Alberta's hail alley

Hailstorms are severe weather events with the potential for devastating impacts. The consequences can be significantly worsened when hail events are accompanied by strong winds, intensifying both hail momentum and damage to property sidings and windows. Additionally, rainfall extremes during hailstorms can disrupt the drainage systems, potentially leading to flash flooding. Therefore, understanding the inter-dependencies and joint behaviour of these hazards is crucial for developing effective risk mitigation strategies. In this study, we conduct a multivariate probabilistic assessment of concurrent hail, wind, and rainfall extremes over the Alberta’s “hail alley” using radar and ground-based observations. The analysis comprehensively explores individual hazards, as well as bivariate and trivariate scenarios using a vine copula approach. We quantify individual, conditional, and joint return periods (JRPs) for the various scenarios. Findings indicate that in both wind-driven hail and hail-rainfall extreme hazards, the joint occurrences based on JRP, can be underestimated by 30% and 70% when assuming independence, respectively, which has substantial implications for risk assessment and management, as well as infrastructure design and maintenance. The analysis of the trivariate case suggests the potential for the concurrent occurrence of multiple hazards in the region. Furthermore, results show that Archimedean copula families outperform elliptical copulas in simulating extreme variables related to compound events associated with hailstorms. The study stresses the importance of assessing the joint behaviour of these hazard components in hailstorms, with the objective of mitigating potential impacts on vulnerable regions.