Potential of the Archimedes screw to generate sustainable green energy for mini, micro, and pico hydro Turbine power stations: An extensive analysis

The Archimedes Screw Turbine (AST) is an innovative type of hydroelectric power plant that can be particularly useful in locations with very low-head sites (less than 10 m head). Compared to alternative hydroelectric turbines like Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan, the AST can provide a clean renewable energy source that is safer for fish and other aquatic species. While the AST is not universally superior to these other turbine technologies, it can offer unique advantages in certain low-head applications. Unlike Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan turbines, which typically require greater maintenance, debris collection systems, and continuous design improvements, the AST can operate effectively with fewer of these supporting requirements. To explore the potential of the AST in low-head hydropower generation, the present study conducted a comparative analysis of the AST against Pelton, Francis, Kaplan, bulb, and Vortex turbines. A meta-analysis was performed to synthesize data from various theoretical, experimental, and numerical studies, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, ensuring a rigorous and comprehensive review. The findings demonstrate that the AST can be a viable and advantageous option for power generation in sites with head heights below 10 m, generating between 4 kW and 140 kW of power with flow rates of 1–6 m³/s and efficiencies ranging from 72 % to 94 %. Additionally, this study provides an easy and quick method, along with analytical equations, for estimating the design parameters needed to predict screw power output. However, the suitability of the AST versus other turbines is highly dependent on the specific site characteristics and requirements. The analysis provides insights into the performance, maintenance needs, and environmental impacts of the AST compared to conventional hydroelectric turbines. These insights can inform decision-making on appropriate turbine selection for low-head hydropower projects.