An Institutional Febrile Neutropenia Protocol Improved the Antibacterial Treatment and Encouraged the Development of a Computerized Clinical Decision Support System

We investigated the influence of a local guideline on the quality of febrile neutropenia (FN) management and the applicability of a computerized decision support system (CDSS) using real-life data. The study included 227 FN patients between April 2016 and January 2019. The primary outcome measure was the achievement of a 20% increase in the rate of appropriate empirical treatment of FN in bacteremic patients. The compatibility of the CDSS (the development of which was completed in November 2021) with local protocols was tested using standard patient scenarios and empirical antibiotic recommendations for bacteremic FN patients. In total, 91 patients were evaluated before (P1: between April 2016 and May 2017) and 136 after (P2: between May 2017 and January 2019) the guideline's release (May 2017). The demographic characteristics were similar. Appropriate empirical antibacterial treatment was achieved in 58.3% of P1 and 88.1% of P2 patients (<i>p</i> = 0.006). The need for escalation of antibacterial treatment was significantly lower in P2 (49.5% vs. 35.3%; <i>p</i> = 0.03). In P2, the performance of the CDSS and consulting physicians was similar (CDSS 88.8% vs. physician 88.83%; <i>p</i> = 1) regarding appropriate empirical antibacterial treatment. The introduction of the local guideline improved the appropriateness of initial empirical treatment and reduced escalation rates in FN patients. The high rate of compliance of the CDSS with the local guideline-based decisions in P2 highlights the usefulness of the CDSS for these patients.