The association between testosterone, estradiol, estrogen sulfotransferase and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a bidirectional mendelian randomization study

Increased serum levels of testosterone are associated with a reduced risk of IPF, while increased levels of serum estrogen sulfotransferase are associated with an increased risk. No causal relationship was found between estradiol and the development of IPF. No causal relationship was identified between IPF and testosterone, estradiol, or estrogen sulfotransferase.