Nanotherapeutic Approaches of Interleukin‐3 to Clear the α‐Synuclein Pathology in Mouse Models of Parkinson's Disease

Astrocyte-microglia crosstalk is vital for neuronal survival and clearing aggregate accumulation in neurodegenerative diseases. While interleukin-3 (IL-3) has been reported to exert both protective and detrimental effects in neurodegenerative diseases, however, its role in α-synuclein pathology remains unclear. In this study, it is found that astrocytic IL-3 and microglial IL-3R are positively responsive to α-synuclein pathology in the brains of transgenic A53T Parkinson's disease (PD) mice and in an adeno-associated virus (AAV)-human α-synuclein (AAV-hα-Syn)-injected PD mouse model. Exogenous IL-3 infusion reduces behavioral abnormities and nigrostriatal α-synuclein pathology. Mechanistically, IL-3 induces microglial phagocytosis of pathological α-synuclein while simultaneously stimulating dopaminergic (DA) neurons to clear pathological α-synuclein via induction of autophagy through the IFN-β/Irgm1 pathway. Due to its limited efficiency in crossing the blood-brain barrier, a precise IL-3 delivery strategy is developed by cross-linking IL-3 and RVG29 with PEG-Linker (RVG-modified IL-3 nanogels-RVG-IL3 NGs). Intravenous administration of RVG-IL3 NGs shows efficient uptake by microglia and DA neurons within the brain. RVG-IL3 NGs ameliorate motor deficits and pathological α-synuclein by improving microglial and neuronal function in the AAV-hα-Syn mouse model of PD. Collectively, IL-3 may represent a feasible therapeutic strategy for PD.