Selective Voltammetric Determination of Dopamine Using a Palladium Particle-Modified Electrode with Molecularly Imprinted Nicotinamide Polymer

A method was developed to fabricate a glassy carbon electrode with electrodeposited palladium particles and a molecularly imprinted polymer derived from nicotinamide. This approach enables the determination of dopamine in the presence of structurally related compounds. The incorporation of a polymer featuring specific recognition sites tailored to the template molecule significantly enhanced the sensitivity and selectivity of dopamine detection. The immobilization of palladium particles on the electrode surface further improved the selectivity of voltammetric dopamine determination, even in the presence of adrenaline and noradrenaline, which exhibited a 200 mV difference in oxidation peak potentials. The analytical signal showed a linear bilogarithmic dependence on dopamine concentration within the range 5.0 × 10–9 to 5.0 × 10–3 M. This method was successfully applied to an analysis of urine samples, demonstrating its practical utility in real-world applications.