Bifunctional ArsI Dioxygenase from <i>Acidovorax</i> sp. ST3 with Both Methylarsenite [MAs(III)] Demethylation and MAs(III) Oxidation Activities

Methylated arsenicals, including highly toxic species, such as methylarsenite [MAs(III)], are pervasive in the environment. Certain microorganisms possess the ability to detoxify MAs(III) by ArsI-catalyzed demethylation. Here, we characterize a bifunctional enzyme encoded by the <i>arsI</i> gene from <i>Acidovorax</i> sp. ST3, which can detoxify MAs(III) through both the demethylation and oxidation pathways. Deletion of the 22 C-terminal amino acids of ArsI increased its demethylation activity while reducing the oxidation activity. Further deletion of 44 C-terminal residues enhanced the MAs(III) demethylation activity. ArsI has four vicinal cysteine pairs, with the first pair being necessary for MAs(III) demethylation, while at least one of the other three pairs contributes to MAs(III) oxidation. Molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis indicated that one of the C-terminal vicinal cysteine pairs is involved in modulating the switch between oxidase and demethylase activity. These findings underscore the critical role of the C-terminal region in modulating the enzymatic activities of ArsI, particularly in MAs(III) demethylation. This research reveals the structure-function relationship of the ArsI enzyme and advances our understanding of the MAs(III) metabolism in bacteria.