Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation (IEO): The Case of TEVET Institutions in Zambia

This review article examines the impact of Entrepreneurship Education programs (EEP) on Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation (IEO) within Technical Education Vocational and Entrepreneurship Training (TEVET) institutions in Zambia. By synthesizing findings from existing literature, the article provides a comprehensive understanding of how EEP influences entrepreneurial behaviors among vocational students. Key dimensions of IEO affected by EEP, including innovativeness, risk-taking, proactiveness, autonomy, and competitive aggressiveness, are explored. The review discusses various pedagogical approaches used in EEP, highlights the challenges faced in delivering effective EEP, and identifies opportunities for improvement. The article concludes with recommendations for policymakers and educators to enhance the effectiveness of EEP in fostering entrepreneurial mindsets, thereby contributing to Zambia's economic development goals.