Astragaloside I Promotes Lipophagy and Mitochondrial Biogenesis to Improve Hyperlipidemia by Regulating Akt/mTOR/TFEB Pathway

The simultaneous enhancement of lipophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis has emerged as a promising strategy for lipid lowering. The transcription factor EB (TFEB) exhibits a dual role, whereby it facilitates the degradation of lipid droplets (LDs) through the process of lipophagy while simultaneously stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis to support the utilization of lipophagy products. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of astragaloside I (AS I) on hyperlipidemia and elucidate its underlying mechanism. AS I improved serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels and reduced hepatic steatosis and lipid accumulation in db/db mice. AS I enhanced the fluorescence colocalization of LDs and autophagosomes and promoted the proteins and genes related to the autolysosome. Moreover, AS I increased the expression of mitochondrial biogenesis-related proteins and genes, indicating that AS I promoted lipophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis. Mechanistically, AS I inhibits the protein level of <i>p</i>-TFEB (ser211) expression and promotes TFEB nuclear translocation. The activation of TFEB by AS I was impeded upon the introduction of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) agonist MHY1485. The inhibition of <i>p</i>-mTOR by AS I and the activation of TFEB were no longer observed after administration of the Akt agonist SC-79, which indicated that AS I activated TFEB to promote lipophagy-dependent on the Akt/mTOR pathway and may be a potentially effective pharmaceutical and food additive for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.