Severe Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Following Pneumococcal Vaccination in an Infant With Underlying Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency are two distinct causes of hemolysis in children and a combination of both diseases is considered rare, especially in early infancy. We present such a rare case of severe AIHA in an infant with G6PD deficiency in the setting of Escherichia coli urinary tract infection and recent pneumococcal vaccination history, with the goal of analyzing potential links between them, examining the causative role of vaccines, and reviewing available literature.