Associations of Neonatal Dairy Calf Faecal Microbiota with Inflammatory Markers and Future Performance

After birth, the immune system is challenged by numerous elements of the extrauterine environment, reflected in fluctuations of inflammatory markers. The concentrations of these markers in the first month of life are associated with the future performance of dairy youngstock. It is thought that bacterial genera colonizing the calf intestinal tract can cause inflammation and thus affect their host's performance via immunomodulation. This study explored how the faecal microbiota of newborn dairy calves were related to inflammatory markers during the first three weeks of life, and if the abundance of specific genera was associated with first-lactation performance. Ninety-five female Holstein calves were studied. Once a week, serum and faecal samples were collected, serum concentrations of serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, tumour necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 were measured, and faecal microbiota composition was examined by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Faecal <i>Gallibacterium</i> abundance in the first week of age and <i>Collinsella</i> abundance in the second week were negatively associated with inflammatory response as well as with calving-conception interval. <i>Peptostreptococcus</i> abundance in the second week of life was positively associated with inflammatory response and calving-conception interval, and negatively with average daily weight gain. In the third week, <i>Dorea</i> abundance was positively, <i>Bilophila</i> abundance was negatively associated with inflammatory response, and both genera were negatively associated with age at first calving. These bacterial genera may be able to influence the inflammatory response and through this, possibly the future performance of the dairy heifer. Deciphering such microbiota-host interactions can help improve calf management to benefit production and welfare.