Molecular Marker Applications in the Selection of Elite Genotypes for Plant Stress Tolerance and Genetic Fidelity

Molecular markers play a crucial role in accelerating crop production for sustainable agriculture by identifying resistant traits and enhancing genetic diversity. In this review, we examine the impact of the molecular markers on advancing our understanding of stress tolerance mechanisms in plants, addressing the pressing imperative to bolster global food production to meet the escalating demands of the growing population. Additionally, the application of molecular markers to evaluate the genetic accuracy of plants due to genetic changes caused by somaclonal variation during <em>in vitro</em> propagation is mentioned. Specifically, we highlight emerging technologies like MAS, MARS, MABC, GWAS, GS, DH production, speed breeding, and genome editing, which offer promising opportunities to enhance stress tolerance and genetic integrity in crop cultivars, aiding in addressing global food security challenges. The literature search focused on studies published in the last ten years. We utilized a combination of specific and broad keywords such as genetic stability, <em>in vitro</em> propagation, molecular markers, abiotic-biotic stress, and plant biotechnology. In conclusion, this review analyzes the use of molecular markers in assessing the stress tolerance and genetic fidelity of <em>in vitro</em> grown plants.