Backward and in Heels . . . Mabel Purefoy FitzGerald's Extraordinary Journey to Discovery at High Altitudes

In 1911, Mabel Purefoy FitzGerald (1872-1973) conducted a study in the mountains of Colorado that offered invaluable insights into how the body responds to chronic hypoxia. Researchers awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine 2019 cited her work as critical in unravelling the hypoxia sensing system. The astounding career situation in which FitzGerald found herself while conducting this study offers important insights into the challenges faced by women in science at the turn of the twentieth century. Like Ginger Rogers dancing with Fred Astaire, FitzGerald did the equivalent of everything her male colleagues did, only backward and in high heels. Although it is tempting to believe that such inequities for women are relegated to history, the career challenges faced by 2023 Nobel Laureate Katalin Karikó highlight evidence that the struggle for equality of women in science remains a significant problem.