Historical Welfare Dynamics of the USSR Republics in the Light of Anthropometric Data: Convergence or Divergence?

The historiography of the dynamics of well-being in Soviet republics remains a subject of discussion, particularly with regard to the patterns of convergence or divergence in living standards and the stages at which these processes were predominant. A variety of socio-economic indicators are employed for assessment, including GDP per capita, real incomes, public expenditure, consumption, housing provision, and life expectancy. However, the sources utilized for the study of these parameters are often imperfect. In recent decades, anthropometric data have been employed as an indicator of well-being. Historical anthropometry has demonstrated that average human height (stature) serves as a sensitive and comprehensive measure of biological well-being. The objective of this article is to examine the processes of convergence and divergence in the well-being of Soviet republics through the lens of anthropometric data. The findings indicate that while the early decades of the USSR were characterized by convergence in average height and biological well-being, the last decades were characterized by the intensification of divergence among the Soviet republics. Inequality increased between the western and southeastern regions of the USSR. The conclusions derived from anthropometric data are supplied by other indicators and factors of well-being. The analysis highlights the significance of demographic models and sociocultural factors, alongside government policies, in influencing trends of convergence and divergence.