Biochemical Characterisation of the Short Isoform of Histone N-Terminal Acetyltransferase NAA40

N-alpha-acetyltransferase 40 (NAA40) is an evolutionarily conserved N-terminal acetyltransferase (NAT) linked to oncogenesis and chemoresistance. A recent study reported the generation of a second, shorter NAA40 isoform (NAA40^S) through alternative translation, which we proceeded to further characterise. Notably, recombinant NAA40^S had a greater in vitro enzymatic activity and affinity towards its histone H2A/H4 substrates compared to full-length NAA40 (NAA40^L). Within cells, NAA40^S was enzymatically active, based on its ability to suppress the H2A/H4S1Ph antagonistic mark in CRISPR-generated <i>NAA40</i> knockout cells. Finally, we show that in addition to alternative translation, the NAA40^S isoform could be derived from a primate and testis-specific transcript, which may align with the "out-of-testis" origin of recently evolved genes and isoforms. To summarise, our data reveal an even greater functional divergence between the two NAA40 isoforms than had been previously recognised.