An Optical Space-Based Surveillance Network for Tracking LEO Debris

Accurate knowledge of low Earth orbit (LEO) space debris coordinates is essential for preventing potentially disastrous collisions, safeguarding space assets, and upholding the sustainability of space activities by minimizing the creation of additional debris. However, traditional ground-based equipment faces challenges when observing fast-moving debris within the dynamic LEO environment due to atmospheric interference and a limited field of view. To address these limitations, this research explores the potential of an in-orbit optical space surveillance network as a promising solution. The effectiveness and performance of the system are analyzed through its utilization of optical sensors distributed across multiple spacecraft within the above-the-horizon constellation, specifically designed to continuously monitor the most densely populated altitude band of 700–1,000 km in LEO. In addition to detailing the satellite perturbed equations of motion and the angles-only measurement model, this article highlights the utilization of the Gauss initial orbit determination (IOD) algorithm as a startup to the unscented Kalman filter to precisely estimate the orbital position and velocity of space debris. Simulations are then performed to analyze IOD accuracy, observation opportunities, orbit estimation accuracy, and tracking capability. The results affirm the viability and promise of the proposed system across various conditions.