The Mycotoxins T-2 and Deoxynivalenol Facilitate the Translocation of Streptococcus suis across Porcine Ileal Organoid Monolayers

Mycotoxins have the potential to increase the risk of airway or intestinal infection due to their effects on epithelial integrity and function. The bacterium <i>Streptococcus suis (S. suis)</i> is often carried in pigs and can cause outbreaks of invasive disease, leading to sepsis and meningitis in postweaning piglets. In this study, we tested the effect of two <i>Fusarium</i> mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2) on the integrity of the intestinal epithelium and their interaction with <i>S. suis</i>. Porcine ileal organoids were exposed to DON and T-2 individually or in combination and co-cultured with or without <i>S. suis.</i> Both DON and T-2 were toxic for ileal organoid monolayers at a concentration of 1 µM but not <i>S. suis</i>, even at a higher concentration of 4 µM. To mimic sub-clinical exposures on farms, DON was tested at a concentration of 0.1 µM and T-2 at a concentration of 0.01 µM. The mycotoxins alone did not affect cell permeability, but in combination with <i>S. suis</i> there was an increase in epithelial permeability. Furthermore, DON and T-2 together decreased the transepithelial electrical resistance and increased bacterial translocation.