Towards standalone commercial buildings in the Mediterranean climate using a hybrid metal hydride and battery energy storage system

Given the critical role of hybrid energy storage systems in the building sector for enhancing renewable energy reliability and integration, this study examines the techno-economic feasibility of adopting a dual-level energy storage system for a PV-driven commercial building in the Mediterranean climate. The proposed system encompasses both hydrogen metal hydride and battery storage units. Aimed at off-grid electrification, the optimal component sizing of the hybrid system is identified by establishing a statistical optimization framework using the response surface methodology. Dynamic simulations of the hybrid system are performed through a TRNSYS model coupled with a numerical code that simulates the metal hydride system. Regarding optimal net-zero solutions, it is shown that the share of the direct PV electricity supply to end-use fluctuates within a limited range for all scenarios, namely between 57.7 and 60.5%, while the share of each storage system varies distinctively in each solution. The results indicate a striking difference between scenarios in terms of economic aspects; differences of $ 19,791 and $ 32,621 are observed between the minimum and maximum values of the initial investment and life cycle cost, respectively. The levelized cost of electricity varies between 0.354 and 0.403 $/kWh, in which the case having the lowest payback period (10.8 years) demonstrates the lowest levelized cost of electricity too. Furthermore, an inverse relationship between the levelized cost of hydrogen and production rate is observed; the lowest levelized cost and the highest annual production are achieved in the scenario with the lowest BESS capacity and the highest electrolyzer power and hydrogen storage volume, which are equal to 5.77 $/kg and 304.7 kg H2/yr, respectively.