Monitoring Changes with Spatiotemporal Resolution in Land Surface Temperature (LST) Impact on Land Cover Around Al-Dora Refinery in Downtown Baghdad, Iraq

This study analyses the differences in temperature of the land surface across various land cover types and uses geospatial approaches to explore the changes that are taking place in the Dora refinery and its surrounding areas. Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS made use of Landsat imagery during April and August in the years 2013 and 2023. ArcGIS 10.8 software was used to process the satellite images. The brightness temperature data from a satellite sensor was used to calculate the land surface temperature and the study's land cover classifications were created by applying supervised classification techniques. The aim of the study is to monitor the changes occurring in Dora refinery and its surrounding areas for periods 2013-2023 as a result of the influence of urban surface temperature, the growth and expansion that occurring in human activities and represented in the filtering and production of fossil energy and crude oil as well. The results of the investigation indicate an increase in the land surface temperature (LST) during the year 2023, in contrast to the year 2013, while we notice an increase in( NDVI ) in 2013 and a decrease in 2023, and a decrease in (NDBI) in 2013 and an increase in 2023. An inverse relationship was discovered between vegetated area and ( LST) between 2013 and 2023, whereas a positive relationship between (NDBI) and (LST) has been obtained suggesting an expanding surface urban heat island effect, as indicated by the correlation coefficients of statistical significance. It significantly affects how the land surface temperature varies. The main differences in the ways that land cover and use impact (LST) were also emphasized by this study during the whole duration of the inquiry, thus, methods for monitoring, examining, and assessing urban growth trends and their effects on land surface temperature can be achieved through the use of remote sensing and geographic information system tools