The progress and prospect of calcium peroxide nanoparticles in cancer therapy

Recent advancements in nanomedicine have sparked interest in exploring innovative strategies for cancer therapy. Calcium peroxide nanoparticles (CaO 2 NPs) have emerged as promising candidates with unique properties, including autonomous oxygen and hydrogen peroxide release and calcium ion generation within the tumor microenvironment (TME). This review systematically examines the multifaceted applications of CaO 2 NPs in cancer therapy. Particular emphasis is placed on their role in addressing challenges associated with tumor hypoxia, a prevalent condition influencing cancer progression and therapeutic outcomes. The article delves into three major applications: (I) H 2 O 2 -dependent anticancer therapy, exploring chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and its synergies with other modalities; (II) O 2 -dependent anticancer therapy, focusing on enhanced photodynamic therapy (PDT) and chemotherapy; and (III) Enhanced radiotherapy, elucidating the pivotal role of oxygen in radiotherapy and the potential of CaO 2 NPs to augment radiosensitization. Furthermore, the discussion encompasses the intriguing concept of calcium overload as part of Ionic Interference Therapy (IIT), elucidating the synergistic effects of CaO 2 NPs in inducing cellular damage and enhancing imaging modalities. Overall, this review underscores the multifaceted potential of CaO 2 NPs in revolutionizing cancer therapy and outlines avenues for future research and clinical translation. This review explores the anticancer effects of CaO 2 NPs, encapsulating a comprehensive analysis of the development, highlighting their mechanism of action, current applications, and future potential of calcium peroxide nanoparticles (CaO 2 NPs) in the realm of cancer therapy, highlighting their role in overcoming the limitations of conventional treatments. This manuscript delves into the unique properties of CaO 2 NPs, including their ability to modulate tumor microenvironments, enhance drug delivery efficiency, and generate therapeutic reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, the review also provides critical insights into the challenges and opportunities in translating these nanomaterials from bench to bedside, underscoring the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to harness their full potential.