Supramolecular macrocyclic artificial ion channels for biomedical applications

Biological ion channels are essential for ion and molecule transport, playing a critical role in maintaining cellular equilibrium and regulating vital physiological functions such as cell growth, hormone secretion, and nerve-muscle interactions. Drawing inspiration from nature, researchers have crafted an array of supramolecular artificial ion channels (AICs) using both unimolecular and self-assembly approaches. Notably, AICs based on macrocyclic molecules, such as cyclodextrins, crown ethers, and pillararenes, offer distinct advantages, including biocompatibility, precise structural design, ease of customization, and simple preparation. This review spotlights recent progress in bioinspired AICs rooted in macrocycles and their applications in the realm of biomedicine. We commence with an overview of the significance of biological channels and the strategies employed for fashioning supramolecular artificial channels. Subsequently, we navigate through the intricate landscape of molecular design, structural modulation, and the ion transport prowess exhibited by macrocycle-based AICs. Furthermore, we explore the promising biomedical applications of these AICs, encompassing roles in antibacterial measures, anticancer interventions, biosensing technologies, and treatments for channelopathies. Finally, we address the persisting challenges and illuminate prospects within this field, with the ultimate aim of steering future innovations in the development of supramolecular AICs.