<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si96.svg" display="inline" id="d1e6334"><mml:mi>δ</mml:mi></mml:math>-perturbation of bilevel optimization problems: An error bound analysis

In this paper, we analyze a perturbed formulation of bilevel optimization problems, which we refer to as δ -perturbed formulation. The δ -perturbed formulation allows to handle the lower level optimization problem efficiently when there are multiple lower level optimal solutions. By using an appropriate perturbation strategy for the optimistic or pessimistic formulation, one can ensure that the optimization problem at the lower level contains only a single (approximate) optimal solution for any given decision at the upper level. The optimistic or the pessimistic bilevel optimal solution can then be efficiently searched for by algorithms that rely on solving the lower level optimization problem multiple times during the solution search procedure. The δ -perturbed formulation is arrived at by adding the upper level objective function to the lower level objective function after multiplying the upper level objective by a small positive/negative δ . We provide a proof that the δ -perturbed formulation is approximately equivalent to the original optimistic or pessimistic formulation and give an error bound for the approximation. We apply this scheme to a class of algorithms that attempts to solve optimistic and pessimistic variants of bilevel optimization problems by repeatedly solving the lower level optimization problem. • Theoretical proofs and error bounds for δ -perturbed bilevel optimization are provided. • δ -perturbation ensures approximate unique solution at the lower level. • Approach applied on population-based algorithms for optimistic and pessimistic BOPs. • Computational study evaluates formulation accuracy vs. theoretical bounds.