Towards SDG 11: Large-scale geographic and demographic characterisation of informal settlements fusing remote sensing, POI, and open geo-data

Informal settlements’ geographic and demographic mapping is essential for evaluating human-centric sustainable development in cities, thus fostering the road to Sustainable Development Goal 11. However, fine-grained informal settlements’ geographic and demographic information is not well available. To fill the gap, this study proposes an effective framework for both fine-grained geographic and demographic characterisation of informal settlements by integrating openly available remote sensing imagery, points-of-interest (POI), and demographic data. Pixel-level informal settlement is firstly mapped by a hierarchical recognition method with satellite imagery and POI. The patch-scale and city-scale geographic patterns of informal settlements are further analysed with landscape metrics. Spatial-demographic profiles are depicted by linking with the open WorldPop dataset to reveal the demographic pattern. Taking the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) in China as the study area, the experiment demonstrates the effectiveness of informal settlement mapping, with an overall accuracy of 91.82%. The aggregated data and code are released ( https://github.com/DongshengChen9/IF4SDG11 ). The demographic patterns of the informal settlements reveal that Guangzhou and Shenzhen, the two core cities in the GBA, concentrate more on young people living in the informal settlements. While the rapid-developing city Shenzhen shows a more significant trend of gender imbalance in the informal settlements. These findings provide valuable insights into monitoring informal settlements in the urban agglomeration and human-centric urban sustainable development, as well as SDG 11.1.1.