Effective Removal of Turquoise Blue Reactive Dyes Using Tubular Furnace Supported Activated Carbon Prepared from Delonix Regia Pods - Kinetics and Thermodynamic Studies

This investigation explores “batch adsorption of turquoise blue dye” from aqueous solutions using phosphoric acid-activated “Delonix Regia Pod carbon prepared using a tubular furnace” (DRTFC). Various factors were examined and equilibrium data were gathered at different temperatures (205 K, 315 K, and 325 K) and for varying initial dye concentrations. Optimal pH for dye removal was found to be 2. Kinetic modeling was done using “Lagergren's first-order kinetics”, Ho's “second-order kinetics”, and Weber Morris equations, with the “pseudo-second-order kinetic model” showing the best fit based on Sum of Squared Errors (SSE) analysis. Thermodynamic parameters were determined through “Van’t Hoff plots”, suggesting that the adsorption process was endothermic, spontaneous, and with increased randomness.