High among‐species variability in the context dependence of herbivory across disturbance, weather and topoedaphic gradients

Abstract Species interaction effects on populations can vary in both magnitude (i.e. strong vs. weak) and sign (positive, negative, or no effect). Context‐dependent effects of species interactions occur when the sign or strength of the interaction's effect on population growth rate changes across abiotic gradients. We know that species can vary substantially in the degree of context dependence they exhibit, even across similar abiotic gradients. However, few studies have characterised context dependence of co‐occurring species, limiting our ability to understand the implications of context dependence for species interaction effects on community composition. Using over three decades of data collected for 13 tallgrass prairie forbs at the Konza Prairie Biological Station, we parameterise density structured population models that predict population dynamics as functions of abiotic conditions and bison herbivory. We use these models to estimate the degree of context dependence in responses to bison herbivory for 13 species across three abiotic gradients: weather, fire frequency and soil type. All species showed significant context dependence for fire frequency in the same direction, though with variable magnitude, such that herbivory increased cover with more frequent fires. Context dependence with weather and soil type varied dramatically across species in both direction and magnitude. For example, herbivory effects on 3/13 species were stronger in wet conditions, but herbivory effects on 5/13 species were stronger in dry conditions. Thus, context dependence exhibited by individual species, as opposed to effects of abiotic conditions on the relative abundances of species, could generate much of the weather‐dependent effects of herbivory on community composition. Synthesis : Our work suggests that species can vary dramatically in the presence, direction and magnitude of context dependence, even when occurring in the same community and when considering the same species interaction (i.e. response to a herbivore). In addition, we find that context dependence could drive substantial variation in the effect of species interactions on community characteristics (e.g. composition) across multiple abiotic gradients.