Inferring the Variability of Dielectric Constant on the Moon from Mini-RF S-Band Observations

The physical properties of lunar regolith are crucial for exploration planning, hazard assessment, and characterizing scientific targets at global and polar scales. The dielectric constant, a key property, offers insights into lunar material distribution within the regolith and serves as a proxy for identifying volatile-rich regoliths. Miniature radio frequency (Mini-RF) on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) provides a potential tool for mapping the lunar regolith’s physical nature and assessing the lunar volatile repository. This study presents global and polar S-band Mini-RF dielectric signatures of the Moon, obtained through a novel deep learning inversion model applied to Mini-RF mosaics. We achieved good agreement between training and testing of the model, yielding a coefficient of determination (R2 value) of 0.97 and a mean squared error of 0.27 for the dielectric constant. Significant variability in the dielectric constant is observed globally, with high-Ti mare basalts exhibiting lower values than low-Ti highland materials. However, discernibility between the South Pole–Aitken (SPA) basin and highlands is not evident. Despite similar dielectric constants on average, notable spatial variations exist within the south and north polar regions, influenced by crater ejecta, permanently shadowed regions, and crater floors. These dielectric differences are attributed to extensive mantling of lunar materials, impact cratering processes, and ilmenite content. Using the east- and west-looking polar mosaics, we estimated an uncertainty (standard deviation) of 1.01 in the real part and 0.03 in the imaginary part of the dielectric constant due to look direction. Additionally, modeling highlights radar backscatter sensitivity to incidence angle and dielectric constant at the Mini-RF wavelength. The dielectric constant maps provide a new and unique perspective of lunar terrains that could play an important role in characterizing lunar resources in future targeted human and robotic exploration of the Moon.