Perineural Spread of Head and Neck Neoplasms Along Cranial Nerves

Perineural tumor growth involves tumors infiltrating local nerves, either through perineural tumor invasion or perineural tumor spread (PNS). Knowledge of cranial nerves and skull base anatomy is essential for identifying affected nerve pathways. Various cancers like squamous cell carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and lymphoma, among others, can progress with PNS. Imaging techniques such as MRI and CT are pivotal for detecting PNS and its signs and symptoms. PNS typically indicates a worse prognosis, increased recurrence rate, and lower survival. Understanding PNS patterns, behaviors, and imaging characteristics is vital for accurate diagnosis and optimal treatment planning in patients with head and neck tumors.